International Conference on
Craniofacial Surgery

Plastic surgery is a surgical speciality dedicated to the alteration or restoring the form of the body and its defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns, and disease. I t corrects the dysfunctional areas of the body and is reconstructive in nature and a special type of surgery that can change a person's appearance and ability to function. Plastic surgery includes many types of different types of reconstructive surgery, microsurgery, craniofacial surgery, hand surgery etc. I t deals with the repair, reconstruction of the physical defects in skin, musculoskeletal system, maxillofacial structures, hand, extremities, cranio, trunk etc. It utilizes aesthetic surgical standards not just to enhance undesirable characteristics of ordinary structures yet in every single reconstructive methodology also. Surgical standards of plastic surgery remain focused on preserving the vasculature, as replacing the fabric with the fabric as, regarding the anatomical areas, and promoting wound mending minimizing tissue damage. Craniofacial surgery is divided into paediatric and grown-up craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery for the most part rotates around the treatment of congenital oddities of the craniofacial skeleton and delicate tissues, for example, craniosynostosis, cleft lip and palate and paediatric cracks.

Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery is a surgical specialty which involves the diagnosis, surgery and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and aesthetic aspects of the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. The temporomandibular joints (TMJs), jaw joints, are the foundation for jaw position, facial growth and development, function, dental occlusion, facial balance and comfort. If the TMJs are not stable and healthy (non-pathological), patients requiring orthognathic (corrective jaw) surgery may have unsatisfactory outcomes relative to function, esthetics, dental occlusal and skeletal stability, and pain. A review of 1369 consecutive TMJ patients referred to Dr. Larry Wolford’s practice revealed an age range of 8 to 76 years at initial evaluation, with 78% of the patients female and 22% male. Interestingly, 69% of the patients reported the onset of their TMJ problems during the teenage years. Therefore, TMJ pathology predominantly develops in teenage females, although may not manifest itself until much later.

Otolaryngology is a medical and surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT) and related structures of the head and neck, including the sinuses, larynx (voice box), oral cavity, and upper pharynx (mouth and throat). Subspecialty areas within otolaryngology include pediatric otolaryngology, otology/neurotology (ears, balance, and tinnitus), allergy, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck, laryngology (throat), and rhinology (nose). Some otolaryngologists limit their practices to one or more of these seven areas. Otolaryngology is commonly called ENT. It is the oldest medical specialty in some countries

The cleft lip is the abnormality in the formation of the upper lip and Orofacial cleft is the incompleteness of the roof of the mouth. Both defects may occur together. The presence of unilateral cleft lip is one of the most common congenital deformities. These disorders cause a many problems and represent a challenge to the medical community. Cleft palate is a congenital deformity that causes several of problems and represents a special challenge to the medical community. Cleft lip and cleft palate happen in about 1 or 2 of every 1,000 babies born in the United States each year and include it one of the common birth defects. Cleft lip repair (cheiloplasty) is surgical procedure to correct a groove-like defect in the lip. This disorder is repaired between 3 to 6 months of age and a common type of cleft lip repair is a rotation advancement repair. The surgical procedure depends on type of severity and deformity. After surgery through specialized techniques improving patients’ ability to eat, speak, hear and breathe, and to regain a normal function and appearance. Otolaryngologists, oromaxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, nutritionists, and speech pathologists are the members of the team which works together to improve the quality of life for patients with cleft palate .

The term craniosynostosis refers to premature fusion of one or more bones of a child's skull resulting intracranial hypertension which leads to abnormal neurocognitive development in affected children. It usually manifests as an observable deformity within the first few months of life. The surgical treatment is used to correct this disorder is termed as Craniosynostosis repair. This disorder can affects one or more joints in baby’s skull, sometimes craniosynostosis is linked with an underlying brain abnormality that prevents brain from growing properly. Physical examination is enough to diagnose craniosynostosis. The very common sign of Craniosynostosis is abnormal head shape. There are some surgical alternatives for the treatment of craniosynostosis, subject to what type it is. It is usually best to perform surgery only a few weeks to months of age, because the skull bones are soft and mouldable and more. The treatment of craniosynostosis involves surgery to separate fused bones. After the surgery allows your baby’s brain adequate space to grow and develop.  

The shape of the eye is controlled by connecting the upper and lower eyelids. Canthopexy hinted at a less invasive strategy to adjust or strengthen the current ligament surgical importance without expelling its regular attachment. It can fix the eyelids that hang or droop because of sun damage, early eyelid surgery, maturation, or loss of movement. This surgery will correct and perhaps raise the lower lids. Lower eyelid surgery can benefit anyone with useful and elegant concerns identified with the lower peaks, royalty age. This technique should be possible as solitaire system, but on the other hand is regularly mixed with the facelift eyelid surgery called blepharoplasty. Standard blepharoplasty surgery procedures or eyelids, which expel the lower eyelid skin, and often the muscles, tend to lower the top edge lower, promote the adjustment of the eyelid crevasse. More up to date strategies blepharoplasty, incorporating arcus marginalis discharge with the transposition of fat, were intended to stay away from the impact of adjustment. "Canthoplasty" refers to an operation to strengthen the lower eyelid bolster removing the horizontal canthal tendon from the orbital bone and the development of a substitution. The main goal of surgery is to strengthen the tissues to the outer corner of the eye (canthus parallel) to further strengthen the lower eyelid. The space between the upper and lower eyelids framing the eye itself is known as the palpebral slit. In young adults with typical facial skeletons, this opening is long and limits. Heredity, maturation, loss of motion, injury and surgery can all effect past this young form.

Orbital floor fractures are cracks maxillofacial generally experienced the midface. These are the result of the energy transmitted in the form of pressure on the orbital walls, the lowest range that will in such a heap. Patient with orbital fracture agony of the meeting of diplopia and vertical developments eye. autogenous bone grafts now and again hinted as means autograft using the patient's own bone particular. These grafts are the highest level of quality to redo maxillofacial deformities. He regularly in orthopedic surgery for some conditions. This junction has phenomenal combination of rate and transformed into the standard by which all of the different organic products are measured. Many experts lean towards the autogenous bone union in light of the fact that there is no risk of the body rejecting the joint since it comes from own particular patient. Although autologous bone unions amazing biological and disadvantages of mechanical properties.The are the collection time, benefactor desolate site, unite resorption, the display changes, and collect the volume of obstacles. autogenous bone can be collected from various locations, including the skull, tibia, before ileum, ileum back, ribs, sternoclavicle, zygomatic, mandible, and so on. The use of bone union calvaria (GBC) was first reported in 1670, when Van Meekren recreated calvarial imperfection of Russian fighter using CBG a DOG.

Pediatric cleft lip and cleft palate is unrest inherent in the craniofacial complex occurring in the first part of pregnancy and are available in childbirth. Cleft pediatric palate occurs when the rays of the meeting of the palace or a circuit assembly, causing an opening in the top of the mouth. pediatric cleft lip occurs when the presence of perhaps two vertical cracks in the upper lip may be on only one side or both sides to come about because of the disappointment of the ordinary procedure of the combination of lip medium of embryonic life. Craniosynostosis is considered a defect of birth that may encourage various issues, including weight expanded intracranial, skull deformation, visual debilitation, and the formative report. Surgical intercession includes a multidisciplinary approach including pediatric neurosurgeons. In craniosynostosis, the sutures- - associations between hard plaques of skull- - in a child new born close too early, which may result in a distorted head and weight inside the skull. Treatment often requires surgery to relieve the weight and restore the shape of the head. Some cases of craniosynostosis are due to hereditary disorders such as Apert and Crouzon disorder, while the various cases occur per shot (sporadically). A pediatric specialist plastic and oral maxillo are specialist pediatric basic group of people reconstructive surgery of the young. Their share and aims to make a lip utility and sense of taste, which appear as typical as could be expected under the circumstances, give support to the lip and the base of the nose region.

The chin is vital to the human facial morphology as it adds to the facial asthetics and congruity both on frontal and parallel perspectives. Osseous genioplasty, the adjustment of the jaw through skeletal alteration, can prompt huge improvement of the general facial profile. Several surgical ways exist for the treatment of chin deformities. Osseous genioplasty is an stable procedure that has low risk of complications and it has an excellent procedure when combines with other asthetic procedure such as rhinoplasty, rhytidectomy  etc.Alloplastic chin implants and sliding genioplasty represent the 2 currently accepted methods of chin augmentation. However, to debate whether alloplastic augmentation or osseous genioplasty is the superior choice is beyond the scope of this article. Techniques for chin reduction include genioplasty and direct chin reduction. Skeletal surgery has been through the test of time, and still remains a valued procedure for the facial surgeon. The Sliding Genioplasty technique includes making a slice through the bone of the jaw, which is called an osteotomy. By arranging for the malposition bone, can reposition the zone to a perfect introduction. A little plate, produced using titanium, is utilized to secure the jaw in its new position on the jawbone.

Endoscopic surgery has been used for decades in a number of different procedures, including gallbladder removal, tubal ligation, and knee surgery. However, in the world of plastic surgery, endoscopic instruments have recently been introduced. Plastic surgeons believe the technique holds great promise, but further study is needed to establish its effectiveness, especially over the long-term. As important research continues, endoscopy is being used on a limited basis for both cosmetic and reconstructive procedures. It's important to understand that the endoscope functions as a viewing device only. To perform the surgery, a separate surgical instrument--such as a scalpel, scissors, or forceps--must be inserted through a different point of entry and manipulated within the tissue.

Esthetics is the application of various treatments to the skin, to maintain its health and vitality. Estheticians are trained in skin wellness, helping their clients balance oil and moisture content and achieve a healthy, youthful complexion. As well as various facial treatments, they commonly also perform body treatments such as salt or sugar scrubs, moisturizing or slenderizing body wraps, hair removal techniques such as waxing or threading, and hand/foot treatments to rejuvenate the skin.

A variety of treatments and products are used to protect skin from environmental hazards and combat fine lines, wrinkles, and a dull, uneven skin tone. Estheticians are also skilled in managing conditions such as acne, rosacea, eczema, and dry skin, to name just a few. And finally, skin care treatments are wonderfully relaxing and rejuvenating. If smooth, healthy skin is your goal, visiting a skin care professional can benefit you.

 

Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract and hair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy: myelo suppression (decreased production of blood cells, hence also immunosuppression), mucositis , and alopecia. Because of the effect on immune cells, chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful over activity of the immune system against self. These include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis and many others.

Cosmetic surgery encompasses a wide range of procedures. Each procedure has its own advantages and disadvantages, too. One of the most popular cosmetic surgery procedures is lipoplasty, or liposuction. The obvious advantage of this procedure is that people can lose a large amount of body fat in a matter of hours. As such, they may feel better about themselves after the procedure and maintain a healthier lifestyle. However, if you gain weight after undergoing liposuction, you risk the chance of dimpling your skin and requiring fat injections to fix the problem. Your body may also take a long time to get accustomed to the new weight and some people suffer chills and other problems in the weeks and months following the procedure.

Face lifts are also popular cosmetic procedures. Doctors can take 10 or 20 years off your appearance with a proper face lift. However, face lifts require four or more weeks of recovery time. During that time, your face will typically look swollen and bruised. Some face lift procedures are also obvious and they can make your face and skin look unnatural and even plastic.

Inheritance is autosomal dominant with virtually complete penetrance. It is caused by multiple mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene, FGFR2.The orbits are shallow with resulting exorbitism, which is due to anterior positioning of the greater wing of the sphenoid. The middle cranial fossa is displaced anteriorly and inferiorly, which further shortens the orbit anteroposteriorly. The maxilla is foreshortened, causing reduction of the orbit anteroposteriorly. All these changes result in considerable reduction of orbital volume and resultant significant exorbitism. In severe cases, the lids may not close completely. The maxilla is hypoplastic in all dimensions and is retruded. This decreases the anteroposterior length of the orbital floor.